倚天710性能监控—DDR PMU子系统-电子发烧友网

1. 倚天710的DDR5子系统

倚天710支持支持最先进的DDR5 DRAM，为云计算和HPC提供巨大的内存带宽。倚天710有8 DDR5通道（channel），每个Die上有4个。每个通道相互独立地服务系统的内存请求，分别支持用于1DPC（DIMM Per Channel）的DDR5-4400和2DPC的DDR5-4000。

1.2 DDR5 Architecture

DDR5的一个主要变化是新的DIMM通道结构（Fig 2中Channel Architecture）。DDR4 DIMM的总线位宽为72比特，由64比特数据位和8比特ECC位组成。DDR5的每个DIMM有两个独立的子通道。两个通道中的总线位宽都为40比特：32比特的数据位和8比特的ECC位。尽管DDR4和DDR5的数据位宽相同（总共64比特），但两个独立通道可以提高内存访问效率并减少延迟。单通道单次任务只能读或写，双通道的DDR5则读写可以同时进行。

1.2 DDR5 理论带宽

倚天2DPC的DDR5-4000的理论带宽为：

4000MHz *32bit / 8 *8 *2 = 128 *10^9 *2 bytes = 128GB/s *2= 256 GB/s
内存等效频率（4000MHz）_ 子通道位宽（32 bit）/ 8 _ 子通道数（8）* Die （2）

注意GB和GiB的不同：

1 GB = 1000000000 bytes (= 1000^3 B = 10^9 B)
1 GiB = 1073741824 bytes (= 1024^3 B = 2^30 B).

2. 倚天710 DDRSS PMU

倚天710的DDRSS为每个子通道都实现了独立的PMU，用于性能和功能调试，每个子通道的PMU包含16个通用计数器。

带宽计算公式为：

DRAM Read Bandwidth = perf_hif_rd *DDRC_WIDTH *DDRC_Freq / DDRC_Cycle
DRAM Write Bandwidth = (perf_hif_wr + perf_hif_rmw) *DDRC_WIDTH *DDRC_Freq / DDRC_Cycle
DDRC_WIDTH: Units of 64 bytes

3. Cloud-kernel对DDRSS PMU的支持

#lscpu
Architecture:          aarch64
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                128
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-127
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    128
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          2
...

测试环境为1个Socket，2个Die，包含两个NUMA node。

#numactl -H
available: 2 nodes (0-1)
node 0 cpus: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
node 0 size: 257416 MB
node 0 free: 187991 MB
node 1 cpus: 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
node 1 size: 257014 MB
node 1 free: 194504 MB
node distances:
node   0   1
  0:  10  15
  1:  15  10

每个NUMA node有 256 GB内存。

#dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memorys+Device"|grep Size|grep -v Range
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: No Module Installed
 ...

#dmidecode -t memory | grep Speed:
        Speed: 4000 MHz
        Configured Clock Speed: 4000 MHz

2DPC，共插了16根DIMM，每个Die8根DIMM，有效频率为 4000MHz。

#ls /sys/bus/event_source/devices/ | grep drw
ali_drw_21000
ali_drw_21080
ali_drw_23000
ali_drw_23080
ali_drw_25000
ali_drw_25080
ali_drw_27000
ali_drw_27080
ali_drw_40021000
ali_drw_40021080
ali_drw_40023000
ali_drw_40023080
ali_drw_40025000
ali_drw_40025080
ali_drw_40027000
ali_drw_40027080

2DPC满插时一共16个PMU设备，其中ali_drw_21000与ali_drw_21080为Die 0上同一个DIMM的两个子通道，ali_drw_2X000为Die 0的PMU设备，ali_drw_4002X000为Die 1的PMU设备。

4. DDR 带宽准确性验证

4.1 TL;DR

带宽单位：MB/s

可以看到，DDR PMU的带宽统计误差不超过 1%。测试原理，请阅读《倚天710性能监控 —— CMN Flit Traffic Trace with Watchpoint Event》。

4.2 C0M0 rd

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M rd

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

             12398      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/
          40160751      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/
               743      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500620725      ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/
             12252      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/
          40161013      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/
               767      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500619340      ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/
             11960      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/
          40159522      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/
               737      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500613505      ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/
             12044      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/
          40159066      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/
               773      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500607620      ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/
             12698      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/
          40160138      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/
               709      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500601240      ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/
             12521      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/
          40160169      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/
               727      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500594755      ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/
             12171      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/
          40159404      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/
               706      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500589945      ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/
             12290      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/
          40157620      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/
               710      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500583305      ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/

       1.000923276 seconds time elapsed

>>> 40159522*8*64/1000/1000.0
20561.675

# set  CPU and memory to the same NUMA node
numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M rd
40960.00 20507.82

4.3 C1M1 rd

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M rd

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

              2329      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/
          40071983      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/
                58      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500572165      ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/
              2374      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/
          40071737      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/
                39      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500569615      ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/
              2330      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/
          40071063      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/
                74      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500565635      ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/
              2372      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/
          40070344      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/
                54      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500561355      ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/
              2362      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/
          40070906      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/
                45      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500557480      ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/
              2385      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/
          40070168      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/
                46      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500552550      ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/
              2333      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/
          40069233      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/
                28      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500548745      ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/
              2211      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/
          40068227      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/
                30      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500544450      ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/

       1.000863258 seconds time elapsed

>>> 40070906*8*64/1000/1000.0
20516.303

numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M rd
40960.00 20492.53

4.4 C0M0 fwr

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

          42910737      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/
            108397      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/
               495      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500708510      ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/
          42911223      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/
            117280      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/
               515      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500706780      ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/
          42910038      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/
            109179      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/
               516      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500702100      ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/
          42911620      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/
            111038      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/
               523      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500697340      ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/
          42910435      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/
            111748      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/
               469      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500692500      ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/
          42908786      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/
            110177      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/
               456      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500686595      ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/
          42908903      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/
            114093      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/
               490      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500681405      ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/
          42908156      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/
            109668      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/
               489      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500676420      ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/

       1.001100811 seconds time elapsed
>>> (42908156+489)*8*64/1000/1000.0
21969.226

numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr
40960.00 21936.50

4.5 C1M1 fwr

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

          42906048      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/
             33939      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/
                76      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500629355      ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/
          42905967      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/
             34018      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/
                63      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500631900      ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/
          42905422      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/
             33843      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/
                75      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500628540      ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/
          42905547      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/
             33858      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/
                68      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500623970      ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/
          42905230      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/
             34028      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/
                56      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500620630      ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/
          42904734      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/
             34141      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/
                61      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500615840      ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/
          42903390      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/
             33712      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/
                84      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500610635      ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/
          42903975      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/
             33916      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/
               106      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500606645      ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/

       1.000953335 seconds time elapsed

>>> (42903975+106)*8*64/1000/1000.0
21966.889

#numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr
40960.00 21934.51

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pmu电源管理单元设计遇到的问题

： 1. 电磁干扰（EMI）与电磁兼容性（EMC）问题描述： PMU设计中，DCDC转换器和其他高频开关电源元件可能会产生电磁辐射，对其他电路或系统造成干扰。同时，外部电磁场也可能对PMU内部电路产生不良影响。解决方案：

发表于 09-23 09:59 •247次阅读

pmu电源管理芯片和DCDC区别

电源管理芯片（Power Management Unit, PMU）和直流-直流转换器（DC-DC Converter）是电子系统中用于电源管理的两种关键组件。它们在设计和功能上有所不同，但都对确保

发表于 09-23 09:56 •733次阅读

DDR4的结构和寻址方式

DDR4（DDR4-SDRAM，即第4代DDR-SDRAM）作为当前电子系统架构中使用最为广泛的RAM存储器，其结构和寻址方式对于理解其高性能

发表于 09-04 12:42 •683次阅读

PMU电源管理模块如何精妙布局与高效供电？

关乎电子系统性能与稳定性，尤其在复杂应用与严格性能要求下，设计的精确严谨性更显关键。因此，探索并应用先进的PCB设计技术以增强PMU的可靠性，是应对设计挑战、促进设备性能跃升、延

发表于 06-07 17:43

PMU电源管理模块如何精妙布局与高效供电？

探索并应用先进的PCB设计技术以增强PMU的可靠性，是应对设计挑战、促进设备性能跃升、延长产品寿命及满足用户期望的必由之路。

发表于 05-30 15:15 •1732次阅读

飞天技术沙龙回顾：业务创新新选择，倚天Arm架构深入探讨

日前，飞天技术沙龙《业务创新新选择，倚天Arm架构深入探索》在上海成功举行。来自阿里云、平头哥及Arm的专家为现场观众深入解读了Arm架构的核心优势，并重点分享了基于倚天710的计算实例g8y在大数

发表于 05-21 16:48 •532次阅读

阿里云倚天710服务器处理器速度超至强

4 月 30 日资讯，电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）发布的《Transactions on Cloud Computing》杂志显示，阿里云的倚天 710 处理器在 2021 年度被评为处理超级规模云数据库任务速度最快的 Arm 服务器芯片。

发表于 04-30 16:22 •610次阅读

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在现代电子系统的核心组件中，内存的性能与稳定性至关重要。高密度DDR4芯片作为当前内存技术的杰出代表，不仅凭借其卓越的性能表现和微型化技术赢得了广泛认可，还在多个方面展现出了独特的优势

发表于 03-22 14:47 •515次阅读

TPS650864可配置多轨PMU适用于多核处理器、FPGA和系统的TPS650861可配置多轨PMU数据表

电子发烧友网站提供《TPS650864可配置多轨PMU适用于多核处理器、FPGA和系统的TPS650861可配置多轨PMU数据表.pdf》资料免费下载

发表于 03-07 09:06 •0次下载

DshanMCU-R128s2 PMU 电源管理

PMU 功能简介目前已支持的PMU 为：AXP2585。该PMU 主要用于电池管理以及充电管理，主要有以下功能：读取电池电量、电池温度。设置充电时的充电电流，截止充电电压、充电超时等。自动

发表于 12-22 17:58 •655次阅读

安科瑞配电室环境监控系统工作方案

配电室综合监控系统包括智能监控系统屏、通讯管理机、UPS电源、视频监控子系统（云台球机、枪机）、

发表于 12-19 13:21 •373次阅读

PMU : TrustedFirmware运行时的性能数据的统计方法

Armv8-A CPU 中的性能监控单元 (PMU) 提供硬件级性能监控和分析功能。PMU 通过

发表于 12-06 16:34 •1038次阅读