CORDIC算法详解
1 平面坐标系旋转
CORDIC算法的思想是通过迭代的方法,使得累计旋转过的角度的和无限接近目标角度。它是一种数值计算逼近的方法,运算只有移位和加减。
通过圆坐标系可以了解CORDIC算法的基本思想,如图1所示,初始向量( x 1 , y 1 ) left( x_{1},y_{1} ight)(x1,y1)旋转θ hetaθ角度之后得到向量( x 2 , y 2 ) left( x_{2},y_{2} ight)(x2,y2),两者之间满足(公式1)关系。
图1 CORDIC算法原理示意图
{ x 2 = x 1 cos θ n − y 1 sin θ n y 2 = y 1 cos θ n − x 1 sin θ n left{ egin{matrix} x_{2} = x_{1} cos heta_{n} - y_{1} sin heta_{n} \ y_{2} = y_{1} cos heta_{n} - x_{1}sin heta_{n} \ end{matrix} ight.{x2=x1cosθn−y1sinθny2=y1cosθn−x1sinθn
通过提取因数cos θ cos hetacosθ,方程式可以改写成下面的形式:
x 2 = x 1 cos θ − y 1 sin θ = cos θ ( x 1 − y 1 tan θ ) y 2 = y 1 cos θ − x 1 sin θ = cos θ ( y 1 + x 1 tan θ ) egin{matrix} x_{2} = x_{1} cos heta - y_{1} sin heta = cos hetaleft( x_{1} - y_{1} an heta ight) \ y_{2} = y_{1} cos heta - x_{1}sin heta = cos hetaleft( y_{1} + x_{1} an heta ight) \ end{matrix}x2=x1cosθ−y1sinθ=cosθ(x1−y1tanθ)y2=y1cosθ−x1sinθ=cosθ(y1+x1tanθ)
2 伪旋转
如果去掉cos θ cos hetacosθ,我们可以的到伪旋转方程式(公式3),即旋转的角度是正确的,但是x xx,y yy的值增加了cos − 1 θ cos^{- 1} hetacos−1θ倍,由于cos − 1 θ > 1 cos^{- 1} heta > 1cos−1θ>1,所以模值变大。这里并不能通过数学方法去除cos θ cos hetacosθ项,但是可以化简坐标平面旋转的计算。
x ^ 2 = x 1 − y 1 tan θ y ^ 2 = y 1 + x 1 tan θ egin{matrix} {widehat{x}}_{2} = x_{1} - y_{1} an heta \ {widehat{y}}_{2} = y_{1} + x_{1} an heta \ end{matrix}x2=x1−y1tanθy2=y1+x1tanθ
图2 去除cos θ cos hetacosθ后伪坐标系
3 CORDIC方法
这里为了便于硬件的计算,采用迭代的思想,旋转角度θ hetaθ可以通过若干步实现,每一步旋转一个角度θ i heta^{i}θi。并且约定每一次旋转的角度的正切值为2的倍数,即tan θ i = 2 − i { an heta^{i} = 2}^{- i}tanθi=2−i。下面表格是用于CORDIC算法中每个迭代i的旋转角度。这样,乘以正切值就可以变成移位操作。
表1 迭代角度θ i heta^{i}θi正切值
i ii | θ i heta^{i}θi(degree) | tan θ i = 2 − i { an heta^{i} = 2}^{- i}tanθi=2−i |
---|---|---|
0 | 45.0 | 1 |
1 | 26.555051177 | 0.5 |
2 | 14.036243467 | 0.25 |
3 | 7.125016348 | 0.125 |
4 | 3.576334374 | 0.0625 |
4 角度累加器
引入控制算子d i d_{i}di,用于确定旋转的方向。其中第i步顺时针旋转时d i = − 1 d_{i} = - 1di=−1,逆时针旋转d i = 1 d_{i} = 1di=1。前面的伪旋转坐标方程现在可以表示为:
x i + 1 = x i − d i 2 − i y i y i + 1 = y i + d i 2 − i x i egin{matrix} x_{i + 1} = x_{i} - {d_{i}2^{- i} y}_{i} \ y_{i + 1} = y_{i} + {d_{i} 2^{- i} x}_{i} \ end{matrix}xi+1=xi−di2−iyiyi+1=yi+di2−ixi
这里,我们引入第三个方程,被称为角度累加器,用来在每次迭代过程中追踪累加的旋转角度,表示第n次旋转后剩下未旋转的角度,定义为
z i + 1 = z i − d i θ i z_{i + 1} = z_{i} - d_{i} heta^{i}zi+1=zi−diθi,其中d i = ± 1 d_{i} = pm 1di=±1
5移位-加法算法
因此,原始的算法现在已经被简化为使用向量的伪旋转方程式(公式6)来表示迭代(移位-加法)算法。
2次移位;
(2 − i 2^{- i}2−i用移位实现,每右移n位就把原来数值乘以2的-i次方了)
1次查找表;(每一次迭代都会有一个固定角度θ i heta^{i}θi的累加,这个角度是2 − i 2^{- i}2−i对应的角度值,使用查表实现。θ i = arc tan 2 − i heta^{i} = { ext{arc} an}2^{- i}θi=arctan2−i)
3次加法;(x,y,z的累加,共三次)
x i + 1 = x i − d i 2 − i y i y i + 1 = y i + d i 2 − i x i z i + 1 = z i − d i θ i egin{matrix} x_{i + 1} = x_{i} - {d_{i} 2^{- i} y}_{i} \ y_{i + 1} = y_{i} + {d_{i} 2^{- i} x}_{i} \ z_{i + 1} = z_{i} - d_{i} heta^{i} \ end{matrix}xi+1=xi−di2−iyiyi+1=yi+di2−ixizi+1=zi−diθi
6 伸缩因子
当简化算法以伪旋转时,cos θ cos hetacosθ项被忽略,这样( x n , y n ) left( x_{n},y_{n} ight)(xn,yn)就被伸缩了K n K_{n}Kn倍。如果迭代次数已知,可以预先计算伸缩因子K n K_{n}Kn。同样1 / K n 1/K_{n}1/Kn也可被预先计算以得到( x n , y n ) left( x_{n},y_{n} ight)(xn,yn)的真值。
K n = ∏ n 1 cos θ i = ∏ n ( 1 + 2 − 2 i ) K_{n} = prod_{n}^{}frac{1}{cos heta^{i}} = prod_{n}^{}left( sqrt{1 + 2^{- 2i}} ight)Kn=n∏cosθi1=n∏(1+2−2i)
这里K n − > 1.64676 K_{n} - > 1.64676Kn−>1.64676,当n − > ∞ n - > inftyn−>∞
1 / K n − > 0.607253 1/K_{n} - > 0.6072531/Kn−>0.607253,当n − > ∞ n - > inftyn−>∞
7 旋转模式
CORDIC方法有两种模式,旋转模式和向量模式。工作模式决定了控制算子d i d_{i}di的条件。在旋转模式中,旋转剩余角度初始变量z 0 = θ z_{0} = hetaz0=θ,经过n次旋转后,使z 0 = 0 z_{0} = 0z0=0。整个旋转过程可以表示为一系列旋转角度不断偏摆,从而逼近所需旋转角度的迭代过程。n次迭代后可以得到:
x n = K n ( x 0 cos z 0 − y 0 sin z 0 ) y n = K n ( y 0 cos z 0 + x 0 sin z 0 ) z n = 0 egin{matrix} x_{n} = K_{n}left( x_{0} cos z_{0} - y_{0} sin z_{0} ight) \ y_{n} = K_{n}left( y_{0} cos z_{0} + x_{0} sin z_{0} ight) \ z_{n} = 0 \ end{matrix}xn=Kn(x0cosz0−y0sinz0)yn=Kn(y0cosz0+x0sinz0)zn=0
通过设置x 0 = 1 / K n = 0.6073 x_{0} = 1/K_{n} = 0.6073x0=1/Kn=0.6073和y 0 = 0 y_{0} = 0y0=0可以计算cos z 0 cos z_{0}cosz0和sin z 0 sin z_{0}sinz0。分析可知CORDIC算法在圆周系统旋转模式下可以用来计算一个输入角的正弦值、余弦值。
x n = K n ( x 0 cos z 0 − y 0 sin z 0 ) = cos θ y n = K n ( y 0 cos z 0 + x 0 sin z 0 ) = sin θ egin{matrix} x_{n} = K_{n}left( x_{0} cos z_{0} - y_{0} sin z_{0} ight) = cos heta \ y_{n} = K_{n}left( y_{0} cos z_{0} + x_{0} sin z_{0} ight) = sin heta \ end{matrix}xn=Kn(x0cosz0−y0sinz0)=cosθyn=Kn(y0cosz0+x0sinz0)=sinθ
图 3 旋转模式角度逼近
8 象限判断
对于任意角度θ hetaθ,都可以通过旋转一系列小角度来i完成。第一次迭代旋转45°,第二次迭代旋转26.6°,第三次迭代旋转14°。很显然,每次旋转的方向都影响到最终的累计角度。在-99.7°< θ heta θ< 99.7°的范围内任意角度都可以旋转。对于该角度范围之外的角度,可以通过三角函数等式转化成该范围内的角度。因此设计时通常把角度 θ heta θ转化到第一象限角,根据 θ heta θ所在的圆坐标系象限获得 x n x_{n} xn和 y n y_{n} yn。
9溢出处理
通过表2可以看出,把初始θ hetaθ角度设置为90°,由于x 0 x_{0}x0赋的初值存在误差(一般是偏大),最终获得的x n x_{n}xn和y n y_{n}yn是有可能大于1的。所以设计时需要做溢出保护。或者把x 0 x_{0}x0初值减小,这可能会牺牲精度。
表2θ hetaθ接近90°数据溢出
i | d | theta | z | y | x | SIN | COS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 45 | 89.9970 | 0 | 0.6073 | 0 | 19900 |
1 | 1 | 26.6 | 44.9970 | 0.6073 | 0.6073 | 19900 | 19900 |
2 | 1 | 14 | 18.3970 | 0.9110 | 0.3037 | 29850 | 9950 |
3 | 1 | 7.1 | 4.3970 | 0.9869 | 0.0759 | 32338 | 2488 |
4 | -1 | 3.6 | -2.7030 | 0.9964 | -0.0474 | 32648 | -1555 |
5 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.8970 | 0.9993 | 0.0148 | 32746 | 486 |
6 | -1 | 0.9 | -0.9030 | 0.9998 | -0.0164 | 32761 | -537 |
7 | -1 | 0.4 | -0.0030 | 1.0000 | -0.0008 | 32769 | -26 |
8 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.3970 | 1.0000 | 0.0070 | 32769 | 230 |
9 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1970 | 1.0001 | 0.0031 | 32770 | 102 |
10 | 1 | 0.056 | 0.0970 | 1.0001 | 0.0012 | 32770 | 38 |
11 | 1 | 0.027 | 0.0410 | 1.0001 | 0.0002 | 32771 | 6 |
10 Verilog代码实现
CORDIC算法代码
module MyCORDIC( input clk, input rst_n, input [15:0]theta, output reg [15:0]sin_theta, output reg [15:0]cos_theta ); parameter Kn = 'd19898; // 0.607253*2^15 parameter iKn = 'd53961; // 1.64676*2^15 parameter arctan_0 = 8192 ; // arctan(1/2) parameter arctan_1 = 4836 ; // arctan(1/2^1) parameter arctan_2 = 2555 ; // arctan(1/2^2) parameter arctan_3 = 1297 ; // arctan(1/2^3) parameter arctan_4 = 651 ; // arctan(1/2^4) parameter arctan_5 = 326 ; // arctan(1/2^5) parameter arctan_6 = 163 ; // arctan(1/2^6) parameter arctan_7 = 81 ; // arctan(1/2^7) parameter arctan_8 = 41 ; // arctan(1/2^8) parameter arctan_9 = 20 ; // arctan(1/2^9) parameter arctan_10 = 10 ; // arctan(1/2^10) parameter arctan_11 = 5 ; // arctan(1/2^11) reg signed [15:0] x [11:0]; reg signed [15:0] y [11:0]; reg signed [15:0] z [11:0]; wire [15:0]x_tmp; wire [15:0]y_tmp; reg signed [15:0]theta_1; wire [2:0] Quadrant;//theta角所在的象限 // 象限判断 assign Quadrant = theta[15:14] + 1; always@(*) begin begin theta_1 <= {2'b00,theta[13:0]}; if(Quadrant==1) begin theta_1 <= theta; end else if(Quadrant==2) begin theta_1 <= 32768 - theta; end else if(Quadrant==3) begin theta_1 <= theta - 32768; end else if(Quadrant==4) begin theta_1 <= 65536 - theta; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(!rst_n) begin x[0] <= 16'd0; y[0] <= 16'd0; z[0] <= 16'd0; end else begin x[0] <= Kn; y[0] <= 16'd0; z[0] <= theta_1; end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=0 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[1] <= 16'd0; y[1] <= 16'd0; z[1] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[0][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[1] <= x[0] + y[0]; y[1] <= y[0] - x[0]; z[1] <= z[0] + arctan_0; end // 剩余角度为正数,顺时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[1] <= x[0] - y[0]; y[1] <= y[0] + x[0]; z[1] <= z[0] - arctan_0; end end end // >>>符号表示算术右移,不改变符号位 always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=1 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[2] <= 16'd0; y[2] <= 16'd0; z[2] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[1][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[2] <= x[1] + (y[1] >>> 1); y[2] <= y[1] - (x[1] >>> 1); z[2] <= z[1] + arctan_1; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[2] <= x[1] - (y[1] >>> 1); y[2] <= y[1] + (x[1] >>> 1); z[2] <= z[1] - arctan_1; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=2 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[3] <= 16'd0; y[3] <= 16'd0; z[3] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[2][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[3] <= x[2] + (y[2] >>> 2); y[3] <= y[2] - (x[2] >>> 2); z[3] <= z[2] + arctan_2; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[3] <= x[2] - (y[2] >>> 2); y[3] <= y[2] + (x[2] >>> 2); z[3] <= z[2] - arctan_2; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=3 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[4] <= 16'd0; y[4] <= 16'd0; z[4] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[3][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[4] <= x[3] + (y[3] >>> 3); y[4] <= y[3] - (x[3] >>> 3); z[4] <= z[3] + arctan_3; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[4] <= x[3] - (y[3] >>> 3); y[4] <= y[3] + (x[3] >>> 3); z[4] <= z[3] - arctan_3; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=4 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[5] <= 16'd0; y[5] <= 16'd0; z[5] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[4][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[5] <= x[4] + (y[4] >>> 4); y[5] <= y[4] - (x[4] >>> 4); z[5] <= z[4] + arctan_4; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[5] <= x[4] - (y[4] >>> 4); y[5] <= y[4] + (x[4] >>> 4); z[5] <= z[4] - arctan_4; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=5 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[6] <= 16'd0; y[6] <= 16'd0; z[6] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[5][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[6] <= x[5] + (y[5] >>> 5); y[6] <= y[5] - (x[5] >>> 5); z[6] <= z[5] + arctan_5; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[6] <= x[5] - (y[5] >>> 5); y[6] <= y[5] + (x[5] >>> 5); z[6] <= z[5] - arctan_5; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=6 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[7] <= 16'd0; y[7] <= 16'd0; z[7] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[6][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[7] <= x[6] + (y[6] >>> 6); y[7] <= y[6] - (x[6] >>> 6); z[7] <= z[6] + arctan_6; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[7] <= x[6] - (y[6] >>> 6); y[7] <= y[6] + (x[6] >>> 6); z[7] <= z[6] - arctan_6; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=7 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[8] <= 16'd0; y[8] <= 16'd0; z[8] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[7][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[8] <= x[7] + (y[7] >>> 7); y[8] <= y[7] - (x[7] >>> 7); z[8] <= z[7] + arctan_7; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[8] <= x[7] - (y[7] >>> 7); y[8] <= y[7] + (x[7] >>> 7); z[8] <= z[7] - arctan_7; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=8 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[9] <= 16'd0; y[9] <= 16'd0; z[9] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[8][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[9] <= x[8] + (y[8] >>> 8); y[9] <= y[8] - (x[8] >>> 8); z[9] <= z[8] + arctan_8; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[9] <= x[8] - (y[8] >>> 8); y[9] <= y[8] + (x[8] >>> 8); z[9] <= z[8] - arctan_8; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=9 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[10] <= 16'd0; y[10] <= 16'd0; z[10] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[9][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[10] <= x[9] + (y[9] >>> 9); y[10] <= y[9] - (x[9] >>> 9); z[10] <= z[9] + arctan_9; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[10] <= x[9] - (y[9] >>> 9); y[10] <= y[9] + (x[9] >>> 9); z[10] <= z[9] - arctan_9; end end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=10 begin if(!rst_n) begin x[11] <= 16'd0; y[11] <= 16'd0; z[11] <= 16'd0; end else begin if(z[10][15]) // 剩余角度为负数,顺时针旋转,d=-1 begin x[11] <= x[10] + (y[10] >>> 10); y[11] <= y[10] - (x[10] >>> 10); z[11] <= z[10] + arctan_10; end // 剩余角度为正数,逆时针旋转,d=+1 else begin x[11] <= x[10] - (y[10] >>> 10); y[11] <= y[10] + (x[10] >>> 10); z[11] <= z[10] - arctan_10; end end end // 溢出判断 assign x_tmp = x[11][15]==1 ? 16'h7FFF : x[11]; assign y_tmp = y[11][15]==1 ? 16'h7FFF : y[11]; //assign x_tmp = x[11]; //assign y_tmp = y[11]; always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) // i=11 begin if(!rst_n) begin sin_theta <= 16'd0; cos_theta <= 16'd0; end else begin if(Quadrant == 3'd1) begin sin_theta <= y_tmp; cos_theta <= x_tmp; end else if(Quadrant == 3'd2) begin sin_theta <= y_tmp; cos_theta <= -x_tmp; end else if(Quadrant == 3'd3) begin sin_theta <= -y_tmp; cos_theta <= -x_tmp; end else if(Quadrant == 3'd4) begin sin_theta <= -y_tmp; cos_theta <= x_tmp; end else begin sin_theta <= sin_theta; cos_theta <= cos_theta; end end end endmodule
testbench文件
`timescale 1 ns/ 1 ns module MyCORDIC_tb( ); integer i; reg clk,rst_n; reg [15:0] theta,theta_n; wire [15:0]sin_theta,cos_theta; reg [15:0] cnt,cnt_n; MyCORDIC u0( .clk (clk ), .rst_n (rst_n ), .theta (theta ), .sin_theta (sin_theta), .cos_theta (cos_theta) ); initial begin #0 clk = 1'b0; #10 rst_n = 1'b0; #10 rst_n = 1'b1; #10000000 $stop; end initial begin #0 theta = 16'd20; for(i=0;i<10000;i=i+1) begin #400; theta <= theta + 16'd200; end end always #10 begin clk = ~clk; end endmodule
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原文标题:CORDIC算法详解
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